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The Fair, C.O.R.N.
Newsletter and more
From Sam Custer
It has been good to see many of you at the fair. I hope you enjoy
seeing Darke County Agriculture being showcased at its best. Remember,
it is our job to inform the public that Agriculture is the number one
industry in Darke County and Ohio.
Please find below this week’s Agronomic Crops Network: C.O.R.N.
Newsletter.
The August 19, issue # 948, of the Ohio BEEF Cattle letter is now
posted to the web at: http://beef.osu.edu/beef/beefAug1915.html
The Fall Beef School begins in Belle Valley on October 6. Get the
details in this week’s letter!
Articles this week include:
Take Advantage of the Situation
Grazing Bites, August 2015
Fall Beef School Begins on Oct. 6
Cattle Feeding Risk
The Ohio State University
Samuel G. Custer Extension Educator, Agriculture & Natural Resources
OSU Extension, Darke County
603 Wagner Avenue Greenville, OH 45331
937-548-5215 Office | 937-547-6491 Fax
custer.2@osu.edu
www.darke.osu.edu
If you are unable to view the C.O.R.N. Newsletter correctly, please
visit us at http://corn.osu.edu.
C.O.R.N. Newsletter 2015-27
August 24-31, 2015
Editor: Rory Lewandowski
In this issue:
Symptoms of Early Maturity in Some Fields in Ohio
Does your field have Western Bean Cutworm larva?
This Might end up being a Low Foliar Disease Year in Corn
Scout Fields Now for Palmer Amaranth
From Wet Weather to Dry Weather…
Considering Growing Wheat in Wide Rows?
Planting Scabby Wheat Q and A
Soil Health Workshop Series
Central Ohio Corn Field Day
Symptoms of Early Maturity in Some Fields in Ohio
Authors: Anne Dorrance
Across the state some soybeans have hit the later growth stages and we
have a range of tall, beautiful soybeans loaded with pods to short,
scraggly, can still see the rows with few pods soybeans and everything
in between. Variability rules for the summer of 2015. Over
the next couple of weeks watch your fields and take some notes – you
can learn a lot at the end of the summer to help make better decisions
for 2016.
1. Early dying due to drought – yep, drought – some parts of the state
have not had rain in over 2 weeks and the leaves on the plants are
turning a pale yellow, leaves are dropping prematurely. If you can dig
up the roots – they are white and healthy – no SCN. However, look
at the roots, there are few of them. Many of these plants are in
the same fields that were hit with too much water earlier in the season
and have poorly developed roots systems, thus making them more prone to
drought injury. This just emphasizes that soybeans in Ohio need
to be ready to be able to tolerate many, many challenges.
2. Early maturity due to high SCN populations. Based on several
recent surveys in the state, one from my lab and the latest work from
Laura Lindsey & Terry Niblack’s groups; we have many fields in the
state with high SCN populations. Fortunately, these high SCN
populations sit in pockets in fields and can be detected by early
maturity. If you have an area of a field that consistently turns
yellow first, and you know it is not due to flooding – go take a look
at the roots or target that site for sampling this fall. Knowing
what your SCN numbers are is critical to management and knowing what
crop should go in that field in 2016.
3. Phytophthora stem rot – yes, Phytophthora stem rot is popping up in
our historical high Phytophthora fields. We really should not be
finding this, but there are a few cultivars out there that are relying
too much on the Rps genes to carry the load and our P. sojae
populations are too variable. This pathogen in Ohio has adapted
to all of the commercially available genes and we must now really look
at the variety listings for partial resistance (sensu field resistance,
tolerance). Approximately a week after a heavy rain, plants will
begin to show symptoms and you can find that classic chocolate brown
canker moving up the stem.
4. Sclerotinia stem rot – as predicted, this is beginning to show up in
a few spots. The hot dry weather over the past 2 weeks has set it
back a bit, but it is showing up in a few fields. Plants have a
dull gray/green appearance and hold their leaves while the fluffy white
mold can be observed on the stem.
5. Sudden death syndrome – this one has me a bit confused this
year. We found lots of plants with symptoms earlier this summer,
but following some rain the plants reflowered and seemed to
recover. As these plants begin to approach growth stage 6 – full
pod and begin to mature, I think we will see the symptoms return and be
even more dramatic than what we saw earlier. On some of these
plants, the tap root is totally dead but the plants put out large side
roots to help make it through the rest of the season. It will be
interesting to see what the yield hits will be this year.
6. Frogeye leaf spot – I received some more calls last week about this
one in fields which are in the late growth stages (> 5.0).
It’s too late to do anything, but since we now know that this pathogen
can overwinter here – we need to be careful. I don’t care how you
do it, whether it is on a big map of your farms, or in individual field
notes, but mark that this disease was present. And for 2016 plant
a different crop – corn or wheat; especially if you are a
no-tiller. If you till, then some tillage is in order for this
one. Then preferably for 2017, plant a variety with resistance to
this pathogen. During 2004/2005 winter, we had many fields with
high levels of frogeye at the end of the season and the pathogen
overwintered in high numbers, and got off to a very early start in
2005. We had substantial losses on almost 1⁄2 million acres, so
lets’ not repeat that one.
Does your field have Western Bean Cutworm larva?
Authors: Andy Michel
Over the past few weeks, we have been receiving calls, emails and texts
about finding large caterpillars feeding on corn ears (see
photo). In most cases, these are turning out to be Western bean
cutworms. Although our numbers have been about the same as
previous years, we may have seen slightly more survival. This may be
due to the drier and milder July, as well as delayed and patchy corn
maturity which provided a lot oviposition sources. To be clear, none of
this damage appears to be economic, but yet it would be important to
note for future years if you have found these larvae in your field.
While it is too late to control for WBC (once they enter the ear, they
are protected against insecticide), knowing where larvae have been
found would be good information as we continue to monitor this emerging
corn pest in Ohio.
This Might end up being a Low Foliar Disease Year in Corn
Authors: Pierce Paul
Early development of gray leaf spot (GLS) and northern corn leaf blight
(NCLB) had us all concerned about the potential for major epidemics of
these diseases in 2015. However, conditions have since been warm and
dry across most of the state, drastically reducing the spread of these
and other foliar diseases. In fact, lesions of GLS and eye spot from
early outbreaks can still be found on leaves below the ear in some
fields, but in most cases they are of restricted development and the
disease has not spread to the upper leaves. Even NCLB, a disease known
to affect the upper leaves during the last two months of the season,
appears to be low in 2015.
Typical lesions of GLS are rectangular in shape and are clearly
delimited by the leaf veins. Under warm, humid or wet conditions, they
expand fairly rapidly and produce large amounts of spores that are
either wind- or rain-disseminated to new leaves, causing the disease to
increase in space and time. This usually leads to epidemics. However,
when conditions are as dry as they have been over the past several
weeks, lesions either take longer to expand or fail to expand in the
typical manner, causing the disease to take on a slightly different
appearance. Instead of the typical rectangular shape, GLS may appear as
somewhat irregularly-shaped lesions of restricted growth, with yellow
halo. These restricted lesions usually produce fewer spores, which
reduces the overall spread and development of the disease.
Scout Fields Now for Palmer Amaranth
Authors: Mark Loux
The frequency of Palmer amaranth infestations in Ohio has been holding
relatively steady again into this year. We have mostly an
isolated field or patch in about 10 counties, with the exception of two
small epicenters of Palmer amaranth - far southern Scioto County and an
area along the Madison-Fayette County line north of
Jeffersonville. Several new infestations of Palmer amaranth in
soybeans have been reported over the past several weeks though.
It was also found in a first-year hayfield, where cutting and
competition from the alfalfa/grass stand will likely keep it under
control in coming years. None of these appear to have produced
viable seed yet. This is typical based on our Palmer seed
collection over the past several years, and it may be due to the
early-season control provided by preemergence soybean herbicides.
This is a good thing, since it provides a window to remove plants from
fields before viable seed are produced. The number one
recommendation for managing Palmer amaranth in Ohio is to prevent it
from getting established, because it can take over a field faster than
any other annual weed we deal with. Taking the time to remove any
Palmer plants from fields now will go a long way toward maintaining the
profitability of farm operations (same goes for waterhemp really, which
is no picnic to manage either). There is information on Palmer
amaranth identification on most university websites, including ours:
http://agcrops.osu.edu/specialists/weeds and http://u.osu.edu/osuweeds/
. Or Google “Palmer amaranth” and then use the “images”
link. The dead giveaway at this time of the year is the long
seedheads, and those on female seed-bearing plants are extremely rough
to the touch. We recommend the following as we progress from now
through crop harvest:
Take some time now to scout fields, even if it’s a
from the road or field edge with a pair of binoculars. This would
be a good time to have a friend with a drone that provides real-time
video, or a satellite. Scouting from the road is applicable
mostly to soybean fields, since corn will often hide weed infestations.
Walk into the field to check out any weeds that
could be Palmer amaranth or are otherwise mysterious. If you need
help with identification, send photos to us or pull plants and take
them to someone who can identify them.
Where the presence of Palmer amaranth is confirmed,
check to see whether plants have mature seed (the plants with the rough
seedheads), by shaking/crushing parts of the seedhead into your hand or
other surface that will provide contrast. Mature seed will be
small and very dark.
Plants without mature seed should be cut off just
below the soil surface, and ideally removed from the field and burned
or composted. Plants with mature seed should be cut off and
bagged and removed from the field, or removed via any other method that
prevents seed dispersal through the field.
If the Palmer amaranth population is too dense to
remove from the field, some decisions need to be made about whether or
how to harvest. Harvesting through patches or infested fields
will result in further spread throughout the field and also
contamination of the combine with Palmer amaranth seed that can then be
dispersed in other fields. So consider: 1) not harvesting areas
of the field infested with Palmer amaranth, and 2) harvesting the
infested field(s) after all other fields have been harvested, and
cleaning the combine thoroughly before further use. This also
applies to any Palmer amaranth infestations that are discovered while
harvesting.
Scout field borders and adjacent roadsides, and also
CREP/wildlife area seedings, which can be infested due to contaminated
seed produced in states where Palmer amaranth is endemic and not
considered noxious. Reminder - ODA will test any seed used for
these purposes at no charge.
Feel free to contact OSU weed science for help with
identification or management of Palmer amaranth. Mark Loux –
614-292-9081, loux.1@osu.edu.
From Wet Weather to Dry Weather… moisture stress, flipped leaves
Authors: Laura Lindsey
Most areas in Ohio experienced above average rainfall during soybean
vegetative stages. With wet weather, soybeans tend to have
reduced tap root growth and increased lateral root growth near the soil
surface(photo example). This is a problem when the weather turns
dry...Dry areas in Ohio are reporting drought stress conditions on
soybean such as soybean leaves flipping upside down. August
rainfall is very important as soybean seeds begin to fill.
(Soybean yield is determined by the number of plants, number of pods
per plant, number of seeds per pod, and seed size). On average,
there are 2,500 individual soybean seeds per pound. Soybean seeds
produced during drought conditions and at high temperatures tend to be
smaller than seeds produced under normal
conditions.
Considering Growing Wheat in Wide Rows?
Authors: Laura Lindsey, Eric Richer, Pierce Paul
Growers are interested in wide-row wheat production due to reductions
in equipment inventory (i.e., lack of grain drill) and to allow
intercropping of soybean into wheat. With funding from the Ohio Small
Grains Marketing Program and the Michigan Wheat Program, we’ve
conducted row width trials to examine variety selection and seeding
rate. Here are some considerations if you plan on growing wheat in wide
rows this fall:
1. Variety selection. Variety selection is very important when growing
wheat in 15-inch row spacing as yield is influenced by wheat variety.
Each year, we conduct a 15-inch wheat variety trial in Wayne and
Crawford County. Varieties selected for evaluation in 2015 were the top
25 yielding varieties in the 2014 Ohio Wheat Performance Test. In 2015,
varieties averaged 81.2 bu/acre with a range of 72.0 to 85.1 bu/acre
across both locations. Seeding rate was 25 seeds per foot of row
(871,200 seeds/acre) for all varieties. The Ohio Wheat Performance Test
for 15-Inch Row Spacing can be found here:
http://stepupsoy.osu.edu/node/35
2. Seeding rate. In the Ohio Wheat Performance Test for 15-Inch Row
Spacing, we used a seeding rate of 871,200 seeds/acre. However,
many farmers were curious how wide-row wheat yielded at higher seeding
rates. Three trials were established during the 2013-2014 growing
season and one trial was established during the 2014-2015 growing
season in Fulton County to compare wide-row wheat grown at 1.0 and 1.5
million seeds per acre to the standard practice of wheat grown in
narrow rows at 2.0 million seeds per acre. Averaged across the four
site-years, the standard practice of wheat grown in 7.5-inch row width
yielded 15% greater than wheat grown at 15-inch row width. However,
there was no difference in yield when wheat was grown at 1.0 and 1.5
million seeds per acre (Figure 1). 1.0 million seeds per acre was
adequate to maximize yield in wide-row wheat production. A draft of the
2014 report can be viewed at: www.go.osu.edu/fultononfarmresearch
3. Plant date. We recommend planting wheat within 10 days of the
Hessian Fly Safe Date. Fall wheat growth is reduced when planting is
delayed resulting in reduced winter hardiness. The Hessian Fly Safe
Date for each county can be found at:
http://ohioline.osu.edu/iwy/flydates.html
4.Weed Control. Wide row wheat should be planted into a weed-free
seedbed accomplished with tillage or burndown herbicides. With wider
row spacing and more sunlight reaching the soil surface, we recommend
using an approved post-emergent wheat herbicide in the spring as
well. Be sure to observe label restrictions if you plan on a
second crop into wheat or after wheat. Herbicides labeled for use
in wheat are listed on page 131 of the 2015 Weed Control Guide for Ohio
and Indiana found at: http://u.osu.edu/osuweeds/
5. Disease Management in wide-row wheat. Changing management practices
such as row spacing, planting density (seeding rate), and N-rate may
lead to changes in the microclimate within a wheat field. And these
changes may affect the spread and development of diseases. As part of
the same OSGMP-funded research project, we evaluated the development of
foliar and spike diseases in wide-row (15-inch) wheat compared to
standard or narrow-row (7.5-inch) wheat. In two of the three years of
the study (2014 and 2015), both the average incidence (number of head
with scab out of a 100 heads) and severity of head scab (percent of
head area with scab symptoms) were higher in 15-inch rows than in
7.5-inch rows. Since our results also showed that wheat grown in
7.5-inch rows generally had higher yields and test weights than wheat
grown in 15-inch row, we also evaluated higher N-rates as an option for
increasing grain yield and quality in wide-row wheat. In all three
years (2013, 2014 and 2015), increasing N resulted in higher leaf rust
severity. For instance, in 2015, leaf rust severity was 18% in plots
that received 80 lb N/acre, 24% in plots that received 120 lb N/acre,
and 31% in plots that received 160 lb N/acre. The good news is that a
single application of a fungicide (Prosaro), effectively controlled
leaf rust (when applied at boot) and suppressed head scab (when applied
flowering) in both wide-row and narrow-row wheat. So, is you are
thinking of planting wheat in wide rows, you should have a disease
management plan, particularly if you plan to use higher N
rates.
Planting Scabby Wheat Q and A
Authors: Pierce Paul
Q: What if I plant scabby wheat for grain or use it as a cover crop?
A: You can certainly plant scabby wheat, but doing so will more than
likely result in poor stand establishment because affected seeds may
not germinate or germinate producing seedlings of poor quality. Before
planting, make sure you clean the seed to remove the scabby, light
weight kernels, and used a seed treatment fungicide. Click here for
more information:
http://agcrops.osu.edu/corn/newsletters/2015/2015-21/#4
Q: Will planting scabby seed lead to vomitoxin problems in wheat next
year?
A: No. After the seeds germinate, the emerging seedling and heads will
not automatically become contaminated with vomitoxin. Whether or not
next year’s crop becomes contaminated will depend on the weather
conditions between heading and harvest.
Q: Will spreading scabby wheat across a field affect scab and ear rot
development next year?
A: If scabby wheat is only broadcasted and not incorporated into the
soil, it could contribute to increasing the level of Fusarium inoculum
next year, particularly if the seeds are too damaged to germinate. So
while broadcasting is a recommended practice for handling scabby wheat,
it would help to incorporate in; broadcast it uniformly and then work
it into the upper few inches of the soil. Unlike wheat straw, scabby
wheat grains tend to breakdown mush faster, and plowing or disking can
speed-up the process of decomposition. This will help to reduce
inoculum build-up.
Soil Health Workshop Series
Authors: Amanda Douridas
OSU Extension Champaign County and the Champaign Soil and Water
Conservation District are offering a Soil Health Workshop Series
beginning in September. This workshop is designed for farmers
interested in learning more about soil health and fertility and will be
limited to 25 participants. The registration is cost is only $25 for
four meetings thanks to a Top of Ohio RC&D grant, 4R Tomorrow grant
and Ohio Soybean Council. Registration includes two soil samples,
dinner at the evening meetings and class materials.
Participants will learn about agronomy, the importance of soil
fertility and nutrient management, how to pull soil samples and read
lab results. They will also tour Brookside labs to see how scientist
process soil samples. Different nutrient sources will be discussed
during later sessions to provide participants with the knowledge they
need to correctly determine which source is best for different field
situations. They will also receive their Agricultural Applicator
Fertilizer Certification required of most people applying commercial
fertilizer to more than 50 acres.
Presenters include specialists from OSU Extension, USDA-NRCS, Sloan Ag
Consulting LLC and Dallas Ag LLC. During the final workshop, these
specialists will help each farmer create a farm plan based on soil test
results from their farms.
Farmers will come away with the knowledge they need to make informed
agronomic and economic decisions about soil health and nutrient
management.
The session dates are:
September 2, 2015 6-9pm at the Champaign County Community Center
Auditorium
December 2, 2015 8:30 am-noon: Tour of Brookside Labs
January 13, 2016 6-9pm at the Champaign County Community Center
Auditorium
January 20, 2016 6-9pm at the Champaign County Community Center
Auditorium
The registration flyer is available at http://go.osu.edu/agevents. For
questions, please contact Amanda Douridas at the OSU Extension office
by calling 937-484-1526 or emailing Douridas.9@osu.edu.
Central Ohio Corn Field Day
Authors: Ted Wiseman
The Central Ohio Corn Field Day will be held Thursday, September 3
beginning at 5:00 pm at Ohio Foundation Seeds located at 11491
Foundation Road in Hartford, Ohio. There is no charge to attend
this field day. For more information including topics, speakers
and sponsors click on the flyer link below.
Central Ohio Corn Field Day Flyer
C.O.R.N. is a summary of crop observations, related information, and
appropriate recommendations for Ohio Crop Producers and Industry.
C.O.R.N. is produced by the Ohio State University Extension Agronomy
Team, State Specialists at The Ohio State University and Ohio
Agricultural Research and Development Center. C.O.R.N. Questions are
directed to State Specialists, Extension Associates, and Agents
associated with Ohio State University Extension and the Ohio
Agricultural Research and Development Center at The Ohio State
University.
Contributors:
Glen Arnold (Nutrient Management Field Specialist), Mark Badertscher
(Hardin), John Barker (Knox), Debbie Brown (Shelby), Nathan Douridas
(FSR Farm Manager), Mike Gastier (Huron), Jason Hartschuh (Crawford),
Greg LaBarge (Agronomy Field Specialist), Ed Lentz (Hancock), Sarah
Noggle (Paulding), Les Ober (Geauga), Jeff Stachler (Auglaize), Alan
Sundermeier (Wood), Peter Thomison (Corn Production), Dennis Riethman
(Mercer), Ken Ford (Fayette)
Authors:
Anne Dorrance (Plant Pathologist-Soybeans), Andy Michel (Entomology),
Pierce Paul (Plant Pathology), Mark Loux (Weed Science), Laura Lindsey
(Soybeans and Small Grains), Eric Richer (Fulton), Amanda Douridas
(Champaign), Ted Wiseman (Licking & Perry)
Editor:
Rory Lewandowski
Disclaimer
Information presented above and where trade names are used, they are
supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and
no endorsement by Ohio State University Extension is implied. Although
every attempt is made to produce information that is complete, timely,
and accurate, the pesticide user bears responsibility of consulting the
pesticide label and adhering to those directions.
Ohio State University Extension embraces human diversity and is
committed to ensuring that all research and related educational
programs are available to clientele on a nondiscriminatory basis
without regard to race, color, religion, sex, age, national origin,
sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, disability, or
veteran status. This statement is in accordance with United States
Civil Rights Laws and the USDA.
Keith L. Smith, Associate Vice President for Agricultural
Administration; Associate Dean, College of Food, Agricultural, and
Environmental Sciences; Director, Ohio State University Extension and
Gist Chair in Extension Education and Leadership.
TDD No. 800-589-8292 (Ohio only) or 614-292-1868.
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